Cat parvo, also known as feline panleukopenia, is a serious and highly contagious viral disease that affects cats, especially kittens. It is caused by the feline parvovirus (FPV), which attacks the cat’s immune system, gastrointestinal tract, and bone marrow. The disease can be fatal, particularly if not treated promptly, making it crucial for cat owners to recognize the symptoms early and seek immediate veterinary care.
1. Lethargy and Weakness
A common early sign of feline parvo is lethargy, where the cat becomes unusually weak and less responsive to its environment. Cats affected by the virus may withdraw from their normal activities, sleep more, and may be less playful or affectionate than usual. This overall lack of energy is a result of the body’s struggle to fight off the infection.
2. Loss of Appetite and Dehydration
Loss of appetite is one of the most noticeable signs of feline panleukopenia. Affected cats may refuse to eat or drink, leading to rapid dehydration. Dehydration can manifest in a dry mouth, sunken eyes, and poor skin elasticity. This combination of loss of appetite and dehydration can make the cat even weaker and more vulnerable to other complications.
3. Vomiting and Diarrhea
Vomiting and diarrhea are hallmark symptoms of cat parvo, and they can occur rapidly after infection. Vomiting is often severe and persistent, and it may be accompanied by watery, foul-smelling diarrhea. This combination of symptoms can lead to significant fluid loss and dehydration, which can be life-threatening if not addressed. The diarrhea may contain blood or mucus in severe cases, and it can be a major source of discomfort for the cat.
4. High fever as a symptom of cat parvo
A fever is another common symptom of feline panleukopenia. The body’s response to the viral infection is to raise its temperature to help fight off the virus. Cats with parvo often experience a high fever, usually between 103°F to 105°F (39.4°C to 40.5°C). This fever can cause chills and shivering, and in some cases, it may be accompanied by a decreased appetite and energy levels.
5. Abdominal Pain and Discomfort
Due to the viral infection’s impact on the intestines, cats often experience abdominal pain and discomfort. Affected cats may show signs of tenderness in the abdominal area when touched, or they may exhibit an arched back or a hunched posture to avoid putting pressure on their stomach. These signs are usually the result of inflammation or irritation in the gut.
6. Low White Blood Cell Count
Feline panleukopenia causes a drastic drop in the white blood cell count, specifically the neutrophils, which are essential for fighting infections. This condition, known as leukopenia, weakens the cat’s immune system, making them more susceptible to secondary infections. A blood test performed by the veterinarian can confirm this condition and help guide treatment.
7. Nasal Discharge and Respiratory Issues
In some cases, a cat with feline parvo may develop mild nasal discharge or respiratory issues. These symptoms may not be as pronounced as the gastrointestinal and fever symptoms, but they can still occur as part of the body’s overall response to the virus. Some cats may also show signs of a dry, cough-like sound or labored breathing.
8. Behavioral Changes
In addition to the physical symptoms, cats with parvo may display noticeable behavioral changes. They may become more reclusive, hiding away from people or other pets. Some cats may also exhibit abnormal aggression or irritability due to discomfort or pain from the infection.
9. Death in Severe Cases
Without proper treatment, feline parvo can quickly progress to a fatal stage. The combination of dehydration, infection, and the inability of the body to fight off the virus can lead to organ failure and death, especially in young kittens or immunocompromised cats. Unfortunately, the mortality rate for cats with untreated parvo can be very high.
What Should You Do if Your Cat Shows Symptoms?
If your cat is showing any of the symptoms of feline panleukopenia, it’s essential to get them to a veterinarian as soon as possible. Your veterinarian will perform a physical examination and may conduct diagnostic tests, such as blood work, to confirm the presence of the virus. Immediate treatment typically includes fluids to rehydrate the cat, medications to control vomiting and diarrhea, antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial infections, and supportive care to boost the cat’s immune system. In some severe cases, hospitalization may be required.
How to Prevent Cat Parvo?
The most effective way to prevent feline panleukopenia is through vaccination. The core vaccine for kittens and adult cats includes protection against the parvovirus. Kittens typically receive their first vaccination at around 8 weeks of age, with boosters given at regular intervals until they are about 16 weeks old. Adult cats should receive annual or triennial boosters to maintain immunity.
It’s also essential to minimize exposure to other potentially infected animals, especially for young kittens or unvaccinated cats. The virus can survive in the environment for several months, so it’s crucial to disinfect areas that could be contaminated, including bedding, food dishes, and litter boxes.
Recognizing the symptoms of cat parvo early can help save your cat’s life. If you notice any of the signs, such as lethargy, loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, or fever, contact your veterinarian immediately. Although there is no specific cure for the disease, supportive care and early treatment significantly improve a cat’s chances of survival. Vaccination remains the best method of prevention, so be sure to keep your cat up to date on their vaccinations to protect them from this deadly disease.
